2008 Annual Meeting

Pioneering Women of the Information Age
Moderators and reactors: Diane Barlow and Trudi Bellardo Hahn

This session will feature six speakers, each of whom is among the contributors to two special issues of Libraries & the Cultural Record on women pioneers in the information sciences. This session will be the third in a series presented by the Special Interest Group on History and Foundations of Information Science (HFIS). It will spotlight the lives and contributions of remarkable women pioneers in information science. The individual presentations will be about women whose fields of specialty and accomplishments fall in a wide variety of areas-practice, research, education for the profession, or information policy. Each paper will address the pioneer's leadership, innovation, and advocacy, as well as the historical context and social and professional milieu in which she worked and made her contributions. Each presentation will be about 15 minutes long, and enhanced with slides to show photographs or other relevant historical materials. Barlow and Hahn will introduce the speakers and provide connections and summary of major themes related to feminist perspectives in information science.

• Michael Buckland. Suzanne Briet, pioneer in documentation and reference service in France
• Joan Lussky. Henrietta Avram, networking pioneer at the Library of Congress and developer of MARC
• Malissa Ruffner and Emily Glenn. Winifred Sewell, pioneering medical librarian and educator in medical informatics
• Linda C. Smith and Carol Tenopir. Martha E. Williams, pioneer researcher, editor, educator, entrepreneur, and professional leader
• Maria Rosario Osuna Alarcón. Maria Moliner, pioneering librarian and lexicographer in the Second Republic in Spain. (If Professor Osuna cannot attend the conference, Kathryn La Barre will substitute with a presentation on Pauline Cochrane)

2007 Annual Meeting

Revisiting the Foundations of Information Discovery and Access Systems.
Michael Buckland, Jane Greenberg, Kathryn La Barre and Carole Palmer

Each year, the pace of building digital resource and data repositories increases. Multiple challenges face each project, for which no adequate technological solution may exist. The focus of this panel moves beyond construction to address the question: What assumptions and principles lie beneath the technology scaffolding digital environments? The members of this panel are engaged in open exploration and reconsideration of the roles played by representational and organizational structures that seek to support, and which sometimes impair discovery, access and use. These structures take shape in metadata, vocabulary and classificatory frameworks. Specific topics covered will include heritage classificatory work well-suited for application in digital environments, an inversion of the role of metadata as infrastructure for documents, application of bibliographic relationship taxonomies such as FRBR in tracking the life cycle of data objects, and potential definitional and organizational roles to be played by collection level representations.

Social Capital and Information Science Research
Catherine A. Johnson, Douglas Raber, Paul T. Jaeger and Kate Williams

The concept of social capital has become a popular area of research in many social science fields, including public policy, political science, economics, community development, sociology, anthropology, and education. Increasingly, it has been used as the conceptual framework for research in the area of information studies including such topics as knowledge integration (Bhandar, Pan & Tan, 2007), knowledge sharing (Huysman & Wulf, 2006), access to information by the homeless (Hersberger, 2003), community informatics (Williams and Durrance, in press), and information seeking behavior (Johnson, in press).The concept has an ideological foundation in the theories of Pierre Bourdieu (1980), with two divergent approaches to its study emerging during the last two decades: one focusing on social capital as a collective asset and the other regarding it as an individual asset. The main proponent of the first approach is political scientist Robert Putnam who defines social capital as inhering in the “dense networks of social interaction” which foster “sturdy norms of generalized reciprocity and encourage the emergence of social trust” (Putnam, 1995, p. 66). Social network analysts, on the other hand, view social capital as resources to which individuals have access through their social relationships. Nan Lin, who is the main proponent of this approach, defines social capital as “resources embedded in a social structure which are accessed and/or mobilized in purposive actions” (Lin, 2001a, p. 12). While the concept of social capital may be operationalized differently depending on the point of view of the researcher, its value to information science research is in providing a framework within which to understand the relationship between social structure and information access.

2006 Annual Meeting

Historiography of information science

• How and Why was Emanuel Goldberg Forgotten? A Case Study in the Historiography of Information Science. Michael K. Buckland
• Forms of mental labor in the Feist judgment. Julian Warner
• Continuities and Discontinuities in the History of Information Science. Geoffrey C. Bowker

Forgetting and (Not) Forgotten in the Digital Future.

• Not Just Left Alone, But Forgotten Too! The Case of French Law. Jean-François Blanchette
• Places to Read Anonymously: New Media Technologies, Intellectual Freedom, and Ecologies of Attention and Forgetting. Michael R. Curry, Leah A. Lievrouw
• Trying to Remember Technologies and Techniques of Forgetting: Information and its Social and Psychological Consequences. Ronald E. Day

Philosophy and information science: The basics.

• What are the various ways in which taking a philosophical approach can help us to understand information-related problems? How may philosophical work in information science be evaluated? Don Fallis, Jonathan Furner, Kay Mathiesen, Allen Renear .
• Authenticity Revisited: The Cultural Implications of a Digital Reality.
• A comprehensive look at the concept of authenticity in both analogue and digital environments. Heather MacNeil, Bonnie Mak, Jennifer Douglas

Paul Otlet, Documentation and Classification.

• Paul Otlet. Boyd Rayward
• Universal Decimal Classification. Jonathan Furner
• The Documentalist Groups. Kathryn La Barre

2003 Annual Meeting

The death of the user
Howard Rosenbaum (Indiana U.) Elisabeth Davenport (Napier U.) Leah Lievrouw (U. California, Los Angeles) Ron Day (Wayne State U.)

Pioneering women in information science
Alexander Justice (Loyola Marymount U.) Laurie J. Bonnici (Georgia Southern U.) Helen Plant (Leeds Metropolitan U.) Jonathan Furner (U. California, Los Angeles) Shawne D. Miksa (U. North Texas) Kathryn La Barre (Indiana U.)

A science of public knowledge? Theoretical foundations of LIS
Concepción S. Wilson (U. New South Wales) Shawne D. Miksa (U. North Texas) Anita Coleman (U. Arizona) Julian Warner (Queen's U., Belfast)

Visual Containment of Cultural Forms: An Examination of Visual Epistemologies and Scopic Regimes
Mikel Breitenstein (Breitenstein Medical Associates, Inc.), Marija Dalbello (Rutgers), Ron Day (Wayne State University), Ann Simonds (University of Toronto), Morris (Muhchyun) Tang (Rutgers)

The revival of the concept of documents in the theoretical foundation of information science
Jack Andersen (Royal School of LIS, Copenhagen) Michael Buckland (U. California, Berkeley) Birger Hjørland (Royal School of LIS, Copenhagen)

Classification Across Disciplines: The Same, Only Different
Shawne Miksa, University of North Texas - Moderator and Organizer; Barbara Kwasnik, Syracuse University; Francis Miksa, University of Texas at Austin; David Crabbe, Cycorp, Inc.

This session seeks to bridge the recognized gap between information science understandings of classification and the applications of classification techniques in various disciplines and the corporate world. Classification experts in the information sciences are challenged to look at classification from several perspectives: how do we serve different disciplines in the arts and sciences, whose discourse traditions vary?; what can we learn from the understandings of classification as it is used implicitly and explicitly to organize information in other fields?; and, from a corporate case, on the way an artificial intelligence technology approaches the problem of knowledge representation and classification.

2002 Annual Meeting

Information Science and Intelligence Work: Mutual History Lessons from the Cold War
Robert V. Williams, Ben-Ami Lipetz, Emil Levine, George L. Marling, Lee S. Strickland, Edward M. McClure, and Rodney Brant

Conceptions of Information as Evidence
Jonathan Furner, Marica J. Bates, Michael K. Buckland, and Anne J. Gilliland-Swetland

Community and Forms of Knowledge
Ronald E. Day, Elisabeth Davenport, and Leah A. Lievrouw

2001 Annual Meeting

Critical Information Theory
In this session, speakers examined current thinking in the field of critical information theory. Critical epistemology and how it is used in the fields of sociology, management theory, and organization behavior. The concepts of "general intellect" and "immaterial labor" and their relationship to the historical trajectory and future possibilities of information science

• Michael Chumer, Rutgers University: Critical Theory in Information Science
• Nick DyerWitheford, University of Western Ontario: General Intellect, Immaterial Labor and the Future of Information Science
• Ronald Day, Wayne State University: The Folds of Information: Shaping Method, Shaping Society

History and Continuing Influence of the Classification Research Group
This session looked back at the groundbreaking work of the Classification Research Group (CRG) and assessed the impact of their efforts on the information retrieval field today.  The history of CRG. The relationship between the CRG and the socialist science movement, which took a strong interest in scientific documentation in the 1940s and 1950s. Whether the group's distinctive contribution was a collective one or the work of a number of individuals who shared some common interests

• Shawne Miksa, Florida State University: The CRG and Information Retrieval Research, 195070
• Ian McIlwaine, University College, London: The CRG: Its Legacy for Today
• Alexander Justice, University of California, Los Angeles: The CRG as a Facet of the History of British Science
• Jonathan Furner, University of California, Los Angeles: A Citation Study of the Work of the CRG

Information Science and Intelligence Work
James Bond may spend most of his time jumping out of airplanes, sipping martinis and engaging in gun battles, but real-world intelligence agents spend most of their time on the more mundane tasks of gathering and analyzing information. In reality, information science (IS) techniques are far more valuable to an agent than the latest gizmo or weapon. In this session, several former intelligence agents explored the relationship between IS and intelligence work and the impact that IS has had on intelligence practice and work patterns. What intelligence agents learned about IS on their jobs. How IS knowledge has contributed to their work as agents. What they wish they would have known about IS,

• Robert Taylor, former US military intelligence agent
• Norman Horrocks, former British military intelligence agent
• Robert Chartrand , former US military intelligence agent and policy analyst
• Fred Kilgour, former US military intelligence agent
• David Batty, former British military intelligence agent
• Colin Burke , historian of intelligence work

Moderators

• Robert Williams, University of South Carolina
• BenAmi Lipetz, State University of New York, Albany

As Sharp as a Pen: Direct Semantic Ratification in Oral, Written, and Electronic Communication
Direct semantic ratification traditionally has referred to the ability to question the producer of a statement and to immediately gain knowledge about the statement's social and spatial context. More recently, it has also been interpreted to include a human bodily presence, which allows for the possibility of expressing and interpreting nonverbal signs. Direct semantic ratification forms a crucial dimension, which differentiates oral from written and electronic communication. In this session, speakers took an in-depth look at direct semantic ratification from both an historical and humanistic perspective and from a more scientifically informed viewpoint. The potential for social rather than purely individual learning of the appropriate use of communication forms. How strategies for avoiding inappropriate communication uses must be grounded in a deeper understanding of communicative behavior rather than imposed by technical constraints

• Julian Charles Warner, Queen's University of Belfast
• Cate Cox, Queen's University of Belfast

Viewing the Intellectual Horizons of Information Science
 In this session, speakers discussed some of the most recent developments in information theory. Theories on the role of information as a "thing" (documents, data, and signals) and as a process (the act of becoming informed) The interconnections between classification, rhetoric, and the making of knowledge

• Michael Buckland, University of California, Berkeley: "Information As Thing" Reconsidered
• Richard Smiraglia, Long Island University: Holding the Fort: The Case for Information as Process
• Stephen Paling, Syracuse University: Bibliography, Rhetoric, and the Classificatory Horizon

Moderator:

Mikel Breitenstein , Long Island University

Social Epistemology and Information Science
Social epistemology (SE) is defined as "the study of those processes by which society as a whole seeks to achieve a perceptive or understanding relation to the total environment; physical, psychological, and intellectual." Increasingly, information scientists are finding SE theories to be of invaluable assistance in analyzing information systems, particularly citation based and recommender systems, which depend in part on the user's level of trust in the testimony of others. In this session, speakers examined how SE theories have been utilized in the information science field. The historical development of the concept of SE in the literature of information science. Definitions and applications of SE and their place in information science today. Two epistemic concepts for information studies.

• John Budd, University of Missouri, Columbia
• Don Fallis, University of Arizona
• Jonathan Furner, University of California, Los Angeles
• Leah Lievrouw , University of California, Los Angeles

2000 Annual Meeting

This session presents papers dealing with related themes in the historiography and history of information science. Classic laws of bibliometrics, which still remain relevant to considerations of document supply, are reviewed and the historical retrospect used to transform current perspectives. The use of foundational texts for information science is discussed, again with the intention of informing current understanding of the information science and neighboring fields. The final paper adopts established methodologies from scientometrics and cognitive science to explore the intersection (or lack of it) between information science and information systems. Here the intention is deliberately performative, to inform potential future strategies and developments for ASIS.

• Stephen J. Bensman. Line vs. Garfield: a resolution of the conflict. The period from the 1950s through the 1970s witnessed major breakthroughs in the understanding of the probability distributions underlying the use of library materials.
• Ron Day. Information, historicism, historiography, and historicity.The rhetoric of foundational texts in information science, from documentation to information theory and cybernetics to current discussions of ‘the virtual’, reveals a tendency toward progressive historical narratives and utopian proclamations.
• Ira Monarch. An information-based performative history of information science and information systems. With the publication and reception of the book, Structure of Scientific Revolutions in the 1960s, conceptual schemes and conceptual change became an important theme in philosophical, historical and cognitive studies of scientific development. This paper reports on a study that develops an information view of history of science by combining techniques and resources from both scientometrics and cognitive science to help uncover the conceptual dynamics of two related fields – information science and information systems.

• W. Boyd Rayward. Concepts of encyclopedia and the organization and retrieval of knowledge: historical perspectives A scholarly ideal since the beginning of our Western traditions of recorded knowledge has been the cumulation, distillation, systematization, and synthesis of what is known. This paper examines the ideological underpinnings of the encyclopedic enterprises of Francis Bacon in the first part of the Seventeenth century, of Diderot and his associates in the middle of the Eighteenth century, and H.G.Wells in the 1930s.
• Mikel Breitenstein. Encyclopedism at the end of modernity. Conflicting forces in play at the end of WWI challenged the earlier ideal of humankind moving ever forward in steady progress. This paper will examine 20th C. notions of encyclopedism from the ‘world order’ perspective, showing the beginnings of the reflexive awareness that dominates our notion of knowledge and narrative now.
• Hope A. Olson. Shoes: postmodern, poststructural, postcolonial rereading of encyclopedism. Encyclopedism might be characterized as a quest for universality in two senses: inclusive coverage of the circle of knowledge at some more or less specific level and representation of the structure of knowledge. These two notions seem at odds with postmodern, poststructural and postcolonial thought. This paper will reread encyclopedism from each of these critical stances.

1999 Annual Meeting

Historical Perspectives on Information Technology
This session drew upon a range of sources (from economic history, the history of copyright, from fictional representations, and from the history of library and information studies) to examine and present different understandings of information technology and of information infrastructure. It aimed to demonstrate the relevance of history to understanding and influencing current developments.

• Julian Warner. What Should We Understand by Information Technology (and Some Hints at Other Questions)?
• Cheryl Malone. How Popular Culture Shapes Our Perception and Reception of Information Technologies.
• Colin B. Burke, Irony or Necessity: The Great Society, the Information Economy and the NCLIS

Historical Perspectives on Knowledge Dissemination
The session was concerned with contrasting approaches to information storage, retrieval and dissemination, covering a range of historical periods and disciplines. It reexamined some of the widely acknowledge antecedents of modern information science (for instance, Bradford and Lotka) and its less well-known medieval precursors.

• Lawrence J. McCrank. The Medieval Intellectual Foundations of Modern Information Science.
• Stephen J. Bensman. The Probability Structure of Human Knowledge: A Historical and Practitioner Viewpoint.
• Mikel Breitenstein. From Revolution to Orthodoxy: A History of the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
•  Eugene Garfield (and others). ISI's Activities in the Chemical Information Area

Fifty Years of JASIS; Perspectives on Publishing in Information Science
This session began with a short historical studies of JASIS over the past 50 years that highlight some of the changes in the publishing patterns of our field. The rest of the session featured a panel of three editors in the field who discussed publishing issues, past and current and past.

• Ben Lipetz, Defining What Information Science is or Should Be: A Survey and Review of a Half-Century of Published Pronouncements
• Donald H. Kraft, Charles T. Meadow,Tefko Saracevic. Panel Discussion: Fifty Years of JASIS and IS Publishing: the Editors' Perspectives

Theories of Information Science.
There are intermittent complaints that Information Science lacks theory. This session, the fifth annual session on theories of Information Science, provided a forum for theoretical work in Information Science. Speakers from three different countries (U.S., Canada, and Finland) examined theory relating to the conference theme, "Information Access in the Global Information Economy."

• Thomas Froehlich, Intellectual property: An Oxymoron?
• Bernd Frohmann, Cultural Studies of Information Science
• Pertti Vakkari, Growth of Theory in Information Science

1997 Annual Meeting

• What Were Those Big Old Extract Files, and Why Should Anyone Care Today? Ben-Ami Lipetz, School of Information Science and Policy State, State University of New York at Albany.
• Online Information Retrieval: How Far Have We Come? Trudi Bellardo Hahn, User Education Services, University of Maryland Libraries, and Charles P. Bourne

1996 Annual Meeting

Theories of Information Science
This session will provide a forum and a showcase for advances in theoretical work within information science. Three theoretical papers will be presented on a functional theory of information retrieval; semeiotics and information science; and information science as a rhetorical construct.

• Information Retrieval: Collections, Transformers and Partitioners. Christian Plaunt and Michael Buckland, University of California at Berkeley
• Information as Mediation: On the Potentially Fertile Coupling of Semeiotics and Information Science. Jean Umiker-Sebeok, Indiana University
• Information: A Rhetorical Construct. Martha M. Smith, Indiana University South Bend
• Moderator: Michael Buckland, University of California at Berkeley

Theory Under Construction: Rethinking Frameworks for Scholarly and Scientific Communication in the Age of the Internet
This panel examines issues of how speed-of-light communication might impact our theoretical understanding of scientific communication.

• Research in Information Science and Scholarly Communication: How Each Field Can Inform the Other. Linda Schamber, University of North Texas
• Characterizing Electronic Scientific Discourse: What Revolution? Judy Bateman, University of North Texas
• Whither Invisible Colleges? Theoretical Constructs in the Age of Electronic Scholarly Communication. Steven L. MacCall, University of North Texas
• Moderator: Robert V. Williams, University of South Carolina

Browsing Online and in the Stacks: What Is It and How Can It Be Facilitated?
Four speakers will address the questions of what browsing is, how it can be studied and what we hope to learn from such study. After the presentations, attendees will be encouraged to contribute to the debate.

• Dimensions Characterizing Browsing. Shan-Ju Chang, National Taiwan University
• Tending our Pastures: A Decade's Worth of Research on Browsing Fiction Collections. Sharon (Shay) L. Baker, University of Iowa
• A Cognitive Definition of Browsing. Dee Michel, University of Wisconsin-Madison
• Browsing: Not Lazy Searching. Gary Marchionini, University of Maryland
• Moderator: Dee Michel, University of Wisconsin-Madison

History of Information Science: Reminiscences and Assessments (SIGs/HFIS and ED)
This session continues the on-going work of the sponsoring SIGs to the work being done in the history of information science. This year's program is a combination of presentations that focus on describing and assessing the work of specific companies, individuals, schools and the federal government in the development of information science and technology.

• They Had an Information Crisis and No One Really Cared: United States STINFO Policy and Professional Reactions, 1958-1980. Colin Burke, University of Maryland-Baltimore
• Weststat, Inc., and Information Science and Technology: Reminiscences and Assessment of the Early Years. Donald W. King
• Western Reserve's Documentation Program: Reminiscence and Assessment of the Early Years. Tefko Saracevic, Rutgers University
• The Davis Family and the Early Years of Documentation and Information Science. Charlotte Mooers, daughter of Watson Davis and wife of Calvin Mooers, and Miles Davis, son of Watson Davis
• Moderator: Robert V. Williams, University of South Carolina

1995 Annual Meeting

Theories of Information Science
There are intermittent complaints that Information Science lacks theory. The purpose of this session is to provide a forum and showcase for theoretical work within Information Science. Three theoretical papers will be presented: on composition studies and information science; on exactness in speech, writing and computing; and on the inherent deficiencies of a cognitive approach to IR.

• Birger Hjorland, Royal School of Librarianship, Denmark
• Julian Warner, Queens University, Northern Ireland
• Soren Brier, Royal School of Librarianship, Denmark

Documentation and Information Science: The Influence of the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) and the International Federation for Documentation (FID)
This session is an exploration of specific influences that IIB/FID has had on the intellectual and historical development of documentation and information science over the past 100 years.

• W. Boyd Rayward, Univ. of New South Wales, "The Institut International de Bibliographie as an Expression of key ideas for the History of Information Science"
• Irene Farkas-Conn, Arthur L. Conn and Associates, Ltd., "Watson Davis, the FID and ADI"
• Francis L. Miksa, Univ. of Texas at Austin, "The Influence of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)"
• Michael Buckland, Univ. of California, Berkeley, "Document in Documentation"
• Robert V. Williams, Univ. of South Carolina, "The Influence of IIB/FID on the Special Libraries Movement in the U.S."
• Steven MacCall, Univ. of North Texas, Moderator

1994 Annual Meeting

• Scientific Information for Stalin's Scientists: The NKVD and Postwar Documentation in the USSR. Pamela Spence Richards, Rutgers. In the twentieth century the internationalization of science and scientific information has forced world powers to maintain channels of international scientific communication even when their official ideologies militate against dependence on foreign science. This was the case in the Soviet Union even at the height of Stalinist xenophobia from 1946 to 1953. While one hand fulminating against "toadying to the West", Soviet authorities were on the other hand secretly laying the foundations of a gigantic foreign scientific information supply system. Only in the last two years have Russian archives been accessible to researchers now able to document the extent to which this network was dependent on the five million volumes transported by the Red Army from German libraries between 1946 and 1948. A key role was played in this import by Margaret Rudomino, the officer in the Red Army in charge of "trophy collections". founder of the All-Union Library of Foreign Literatures and later a benign fixture of international librarianship as vice president of IFLA.
• The Termatrex Retrieval system: History and demonstration. Helen Claire Covey & Robert V. Williams, University of South Carolina. The Termatrex optical coincidence information retrieval system was developed by Jonkers Business Machines in 1960 and found rapid acceptance in libraries and information centers. This presentation will overview the development and marketing of the system and presents a 15 minute vide, prepared by the authors, demonstrating its use in information retrieval.
• Information Scientists in North American Graduate Schools of Librarianship: 1960-1990. John R. Richardson, Professor, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, UCLA. During the 1960s, many individuals from private sector industries moved into North American graduate schools of library science. This paper identifies these information scientists and presents the results of two questionnaires sent to more than 250 of them. Findings over their motivations for switching careers, persona beliefs, and values, and their research agenda for the field. A composite picture of the typical information scientist emerges and a specific hypothesis is tested.
• A Rough Road to the Information Highway: Project INTREX and Unfulfilled Promises. Colin B. Burke, Professor of History, University of Maryland, Baltimore Campus.
• Pioneers of the Online Age. Trudi Bellardo Hahn & Charles P. Bourne. The developmental period in online information retrieval unfolded quietly in the context of turbulent upheaval in the social, political, and technological arenas of the 1960s. This presentation discusses what motivated the pioneers, how they communicated, andhow they struggle to keep their goals alive in the face of technological impediments, organizational obstacles, funding problems, and market competition. Anecdotal stories from three identified groups will be tied together to illustrate how the historical events sometimes hinged on very personal needs, choices, and styles.

1993 Annual Meeting.

History of Information Science

• Some Information System Design Projects of the 1950's with Relevance for Today's System Developments. Madeline M. Henderson. In the early and mid 1950's, an information system research and design team led by James W. Perry offered several proposals for improving the management of, particularly, technical information systems. These proposals included, e.g., vocabulary control for input and retrieval through "semantic factoring"; and guidance in the selection of cataloging or indexing entries through "telegraphic abstracts." In addition, based on their own chemistry backgrounds, the team participated in study and development of notation or encoding systems for chemical structural formulas. As a member of that team, I find that recalling those early days can be nostalgic and even fun, but also constructive. Most of the principles on which the early work was based are still part of our current information science research and design efforts, and some of the proposals are the forerunners of today's solutions. This presentation will highlight some of the early efforts and suggest the trails from them to today's work.
• Information Granularity: A Theme in the History of Information Science and Technology. Stephen E. Robertson, Professor, Department of Information Science, City University, London. The relation between science and technology is discussed. Technology is seen neither as machinery or equipment, nor as the application of science, but as a type of knowledge ("how-to" knowledge) which often forms independently of science, and sometimes informs it. One particular theme, that of granularity of information, is followed through developments in information technologies (taken broadly), over the last four thousand years. Some classes of systems in the context of modern information technology are analyzed for their approach to information granularity. Different kinds of systems (e.g. wordprocessors, relational databases, text retrieval systems, knowledge-based systems) assume and use different levels of granularity. Finally, the role of granularity in a science of information is discussed. There is occasional speculation about the existence or identification of a fundamental unit of information -- an "infon", for example. This seems misplaced: We have very clearly identified the need to look at different levels for different purposes. The idea that might be one fundamental unit simply ignores that history.
• Use of Micro-Opaque Card Systems to Record, Store, and Disseminate Scientific, technical and Societal Information: 1950-1970. Gerald J. Sophar.  If a single phrase can be used to describe the defining aspects of documentation and information systems following World War II, it is entrepreneurial innovation. Major manufacturers and publishing companies had showed little interest in the new ideas and concepts that were being proposed and in some cases being implemented. Small networks of innovators working in the public, private and university sectors cooperated to design, develop, and implement new and presumably better ways to record, store and disseminate data and textual information. Some of the information system innovations of the post World War II period still exist, although in altered form. Others faltered and eventually died. Because they are no longer in use does not mean that they did not have significant impact in their time. An example of the latter is the micro-opaque card. The micro-opaque card (Microcard and Readex Microprint) introduced the concept of the microform as a medium for the dissemination of current information rather than a medium for record and document storage.This paper will relate some of the more significant micro-opaque systems of the post World War II period, such as those used by the International Geophysical Year and the Atomic Energy Commission.

1992 Annual Meeting.

Information Science Before 1950.

• Paul Otlet and the Pre-history of Hypertext. W. Boyd Rayward, School of Information, Library, and Archive Studies, University of New South Wales, Australia 2033 and Michael K. Buckland, School of Library and Information Studies, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. At the end of the nineteenth century, Paul Otlet (1868-1944), for many years a central figure in the development of information science, anticipated modern ideas about hypertext. Otlet enunciated a "monographic principle" according to which text should be broken down into its intellectually important constituent parts which should then be separately recorded. The application of this principle produced what in hypertext terms would be called nodes. These nodes were to be linked for flexible searching by the Universal Decimal Classification, the first of the great facetted (or synthetic) classification schemes, developed by Otlet and his colleagues. In hypertext terms this was, in effect, a navigational system facilitating and controlling movement through the hypertext web. The same principles and system of organizing were applied to bibliographic, textual, and image materials to create a series of systematically related databases that functioned conceptually like modern hypertext and hypermedia systems. Later Otlet speculated about inventing machines and communications networks in which these functions would be incorporated and further developed.
• The Machine Without a Cause: Vannevar Bush's Rapid Selector. Colin Burke, Department of History, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD. Vannevar Bush is being saluted for his efforts in what is currently termed "information science." His articles on Memex are treated as the well-spring of modern information retrieval. Although his concepts certainly parallel those of today his influence on information science was not as direct as many believe. Bush never fully defined Memex and he never attempted to construct such a machine. But he did create a library device based on the proposed technology of the Memex. The near tragic two decade history of the Rapid Selector places Memex in a practical context and shows the interrelationship of it and Bush's other efforts, including those for the Navy's cryptanalysts, to the institutions and technologies of his era.
• Operational Information Science (Documentation) Activities at Wright Field, Ohio, Before 1950, with Emphasis on Foreign-language Technical Reports. Eugene B. Jackson, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1276 When 1,500 Air Force Technical Intelligence teams fanned out over Germany in early 1945, they "liberated" 1,750 tons of technical reports from sites as formal as the Center for Scientific Information on Aeronautics (ZWB) to industrial contractor libraries to shafts in salt mines. They were flown to a new Air Documents Research Center in London, roughly categorized and then flown to Wright Field through the Spring of 1946. The latter had been the major engineering site for the Army Air Corps since its founding October 12, 1927. Even earlier, Hope Thomas started a Special Documents Unit at McCook Field about Fall, 1917. Such future Generals as "Hap" Arnold and "Jimmie" Doolittle had as their first assignment the analysis of technical reports for Thomas. To receive the planeloads of German documents, Col. McCoy was transferred to Wright Field and set up an Air Documents Division, Intelligence, T-2, Air Material Command. Of six Department heads, this author was the sole professional librarian, appointed April 1946. It soon became clear that pragmatic engineering considerations and Special Documents Unit practices had precedence over professional library science considerations. Col. Arnhym became the new, dedicated leader.The presentation traces the evolution of "Documentation" as it was then called through its subsets of Publication, Acquisitions, Processing, Dissemination, and Utilization and via the miles of "V-MAIL" machined microfilm, subject classification systems, brand-new technical dictionary for German, and catalog cards for distribution to government contractors that continued as late as February 19, 1965 by its successor agency, the Defense Documentation Center, Arlington, Virginia. Now, as recently as April 1992, the User Services Unit of its successor agency, The Defense Technical Information Center, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, announced a ground-swell of support was rising for reannouncement of the ADD foreign language report translations of the pre-1950 period with new cards/bibliographic records that meet current COSATI standards. (Full text in Proceedings).

1991 Annual Meeting:

Information Science Before 1945.
An all-star cast of grand old men, central European inventors, journalists, famous scientists, Nazi thugs, movie moguls, neglected women pioneers, plagiarism in high places, tools of espionage, seminal papers uncited for 50 years. The development of Information Science is a remarkable example of intellectual discontinuity. Postwar information scientists are largely unaware that there were important developments before the "information explosion" and World War II. The foundations of information science were built before and following World War I. Electronic document retrieval, remote access using telecommunications, and visionary machines were all being developed in the 1930s. If you are designing systems today or envisioning the information machines of the future, you owe it to yourself to debunk the myths of information science history, recognize the value of early contributors to the field and enjoy a good show!!

• Imagining National Science: New Technologies, the American Documentation Institute,a nd Watson Davis. Irene Farkas-Conn, Arthur L. Conn & Associates, Chicago.
• Visions and Machines before Memex. Michael Buckland, University of California, Berkeley. An introduction to the development of workstations for document retrieval and especially the "Statistical Machine" demonstrated in Dresden in 1931 by Emanuel Goldberg.
• The Life and Work of Emanuel Goldberg. Herbert Goldberg, son of Emanuel Goldberg.